| Fluorine-18 | F-18 | Whole-body oncologic PET (FDG), Cardiac viability (FDG), Brain FDG-PET for dementia and epilepsy (FDG), Bone PET — more sensitive than MDP bone scan (NaF), Amyloid PET for Alzheimer's workup (florbetapir, florbetaben, flutemetamol), Tau PET for Alzheimer's and tauopathies (flortaucipir), PSMA PET for prostate cancer staging and recurrence (piflufolastat, DCFPyL), Dopaminergic pathway imaging for brain tumors and movement disorders (FDOPA), Myocardial perfusion PET (flurpiridaz) |
| Indium-111 | In-111 | Infection, abscess, and osteomyelitis (oxine-labeled WBCs), Prosthetic joint infection (oxine-labeled WBCs with sulfur colloid), CSF leak localization and cisternography (DTPA), Neuroendocrine tumor imaging (pentetreotide — OctreoScan; largely replaced by Ga-68 DOTATATE PET) |
| Iodine-123 | I-123 | Thyroid uptake measurement and scan (NaI), Pheochromocytoma imaging (MIBG), Paraganglioma imaging (MIBG), Neuroblastoma imaging (MIBG), Cardiac sympathetic innervation in heart failure (MIBG) |
| Iodine-131 | I-131 | Differentiated thyroid cancer remnant ablation and treatment, Hyperthyroidism treatment (Graves', toxic nodule), Post-thyroidectomy whole body scan for surveillance, Pheochromocytoma/neuroblastoma therapy (MIBG) |
| Xenon-133 | Xe-133 | Pulmonary ventilation imaging (V/Q scan), Regional cerebral blood flow (historical) |
| Lutetium-177 | Lu-177 | Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) for somatostatin receptor-positive NETs (Lutathera), PSMA-targeted therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (Pluvicto) |
| Thallium-201 | Tl-201 | Myocardial perfusion imaging (largely replaced by Tc-99m agents), Parathyroid localization (dual-isotope with sestamibi), Viable tumor imaging (brain glioma, soft tissue) |
| Radium-223 | Ra-223 | Treatment of symptomatic bone metastases from castration-resistant prostate cancer, Extends overall survival (not merely palliative) |
| Gallium-67 | Ga-67 | Infection and osteomyelitis (largely replaced by In-111 WBCs and FDG-PET), Lymphoma staging and treatment response (replaced by FDG-PET), Opportunistic infections in HIV (PCP, MAC, fungal), Fever of unknown origin, Sarcoidosis and inflammatory conditions |
| Gallium-68 | Ga-68 | Neuroendocrine tumor (NET) imaging — replaced OctreoScan (DOTATATE PET), Prostate cancer staging and biochemical recurrence (PSMA-11 PET) |
| Nitrogen-13 | N-13 | Myocardial perfusion PET (stress and rest), Myocardial flow reserve quantification |
| Rubidium-82 | Rb-82 | Myocardial perfusion PET (stress and rest), Myocardial flow reserve quantification |
| Technetium-99m | Tc-99m | Bone scintigraphy (MDP), Renal function and drainage (DTPA, MAG3), Hepatobiliary/HIDA scan (mebrofenin), Myocardial perfusion imaging (sestamibi, tetrofosmin), Lung perfusion scan (MAA), Liver/spleen/sentinel node/GI bleed (sulfur colloid), Renal cortical imaging and scarring (DMSA), Brain perfusion SPECT and labeled WBCs (HMPAO), Brain perfusion SPECT (ECD), Thyroid scan and Meckel's diverticulum (pertechnetate), GI bleeding scan and cardiac blood pool (labeled RBCs) |
| Yttrium-90 | Y-90 | Radioembolization (SIRT) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, Radioembolization for colorectal liver metastases and other liver-dominant metastases, Radioimmunotherapy for relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma (Zevalin) |